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91.
Solid waste management (SWM) is a multidimensional challenge faced by urban authorities, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. We investigated per capita waste generation by residents, its composition, and the households' attitudes towards waste management at Rahman Nagar Residential Area, Chittagong, Bangladesh. The study involved a structured questionnaire and encompassed 75 households from five different socioeconomic groups (SEGs): low (LSEG), lower middle (LMSEG), middle (MSEG), upper middle (UMSEG) and high (HSEG). Wastes, collected from all of the groups of households, were segregated and weighed. Waste generation was 1.3kg/household/day and 0.25kg/person/day. Household solid waste (HSW) was comprised of nine categories of wastes with vegetable/food waste being the largest component (62%). Vegetable/food waste generation increased from the HSEG (47%) to the LSEG (88%). By weight, 66% of the waste was compostable in nature. The generation of HSW was positively correlated with family size (r(xy)=0.236, p<0.05), education level (r(xy)=0.244, p<0.05) and monthly income (r(xy)=0.671, p<0.01) of the households. Municipal authorities are usually the responsible agencies for solid waste collection and disposal, but the magnitude of the problem is well beyond the ability of any municipal government to tackle. Hence dwellers were found to take the service from the local waste management initiative. Of the respondents, an impressive 44% were willing to pay US$0.3 to US$0.4 per month to waste collectors and it is recommended that service charge be based on the volume of waste generated by households. Almost a quarter (22.7%) of the respondents preferred 12-1pm as the time period for their waste to be collected. This study adequately shows that household solid waste can be converted from burden to resource through segregation at the source, since people are aware of their role in this direction provided a mechanism to assist them in this pursuit exists and the burden is distributed according to the amount of waste generated. 相似文献
92.
Fatemeh Ghanbary Nasser Modirshahl Morteza Khosravi Mohammad Ali Behnajady 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(4):750-756
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel route. The preparation parameters were optimized in the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). All catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An artificial neural network model (ANN) was developed to predict the photocatalytic removal of 4-NP in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared under desired conditions. The comparison between the predicted results by designed ANN model and the experimental data proved that modeling of the removal process of 4-NP using artificial neural network was a precise method to predict the extent of 4-NP removal under different conditions. 相似文献
93.
Leila Hajiaghababaei Babak Ghasemi Alireza Badiei Hassan Goldooz Mohammad Reza Ganjali Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(7):1347-1354
A rapid method for the extraction and monitoring of nanogram level of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions using uniform silanized mesopor (SBA-15) functionalized with aminobenzenesulfonamide groups and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is presented. Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 was synthesized according to procedure in the literature and the presence of organic groups in the silica framework was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra. The functionalized product showed the BET surface area 110 m2/g and pore diameter 5.1 nm, based on adsorption-desorption of N2 at 77 K. The effect of several variables such as (amount of adsorbent, stirring time, pH and presence of other ions in the medium) has been studied. Lead and copper were completely extracted at pH greater than 3 after stirring for 10 min. The maximum capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 191.3 ± 1.4 and 155.0 ± 1.0 μg of lead and copper ions/mg functionalized SBA-15, respectively. The preconcentration factor of the method was found to be 200. The detection limit of the technique was 3.4 and 0.4 ng/mL for Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. The applications of this methodology for real samples were examined by various water type, black tea and pepper samples. 相似文献
94.
Xiaoguang Liu Mohammad M.I. Chowdhury Masuduz Zaman Mingu Kim George Nakhla 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2019,31(8):169-178
This study investigated the acute nickel toxicity on nitrification of low ammonia synthetic wastewater at 10, 23, and 35°C. The nickel inhibition half-velocity constants(K_(I,Ni)) for ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) based on Ni/MLSS ratio at 10, 23, and 35°C were 5.4 and 5.6 mg Ni/g MLSS, 4.6 and 3.5 mg Ni/g MLSS, and 9.1 and 2.7 mg Ni/g MLSS, respectively. In addition, chronic toxicity of nickel to nitrification of low ammonia synthetic wastewater was investigated at 10°C in two sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). Long-term SBRs operation and short-term batch tests were comparable with respect to the extent of inhibition and corresponding Ni/MLSS ratio. The μ_(max), b, and K_o of AOB were 0.16 day~(-1), 0.098 day~(-1) and 2.08 mg O_2/L after long-term acclimatization to nickel of 1 mg/L at 10°C, high dissolved oxygen(DO)(7 mg/L) and long solids retention time(SRT) of 63–70 days. Acute nickel toxicity of nitrifying bacteria was completely reversible. 相似文献
95.
Patsy Healey Mohammad Chowdbury John Olaniyan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1988,31(2):126-128
Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action
John Friedmann. Princeton University Press, 1987, 501pp.
New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Charles L. Choguill, Plenum Press, New York 1987, pp. 213.
Models of Urban and Regional Systems in Developing Countries
George Chadwick, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1987, xv +320pp.
Price: £17.50. 相似文献
96.
Mahmood Bakhtiyari Ali Delpisheh Sayyed Mohammad Riahi Arman Latifi Farid Zayeri Masoud Salehi Hamid Soori 《Safety Science》2012,50(7):1480-1484
Work-related accidents are considered as a major health problem worldwide. The aim of present study was to determine the epidemiological pattern of occupational accidents among workers insured by the Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO) between 2001 and 2005.Subjects consisted of all workers and drivers who had a work-related accident during 2001–2005 and were registered in the Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO) database according to the inspection reports. An ordinal logistic regression model (proportional odds regression model) was used to assess the concurrent effects of independent variables on accident outcomes.Overall, 86,437 work-related accidents were investigated. The accidents were more frequent in metal workplaces and electrical industries, respectively. More than half of the accidents were due to incautious activities. Workers’ age (age at the time of accident) (OR = 0.99, CI: 0.989–0.994), gender (OR = 1.3, CI: 1.191–1.683), marital status (OR = 1.25, CI: 1.143–1.675) as well as accident setting (OR = 1.88, CI: 1.728–1.975) had significant effect on accident outcomes. Pattern of occupational injuries in Iran was consistent with the global pattern for accident outcomes. 相似文献
97.
Asset integrity is a major concern of process facilities. Monitoring and assessing asset integrity is a challenging task due to the involvement of various dependent and independent parameters. Monitoring and assessing asset performance through indicators is one easily doable option. Lack of an appropriate set of indicators quantification technique and measurement cohesion limits the use of an indicator system. To overcome this, in the present paper a hierarchical framework is prepared to for asset integrity monitoring and assessment. The hierarchical structure is used to characterize the asset and relate it to an organization’s strategic goal. The hierarchical structure is based on three major areas of asset integrity, namely: mechanical, personnel and process. Further, it provides an opportunity to follow a bottom-up perspective for identifying multilevel level indicators. The proposed approach uses a risk metric to classify asset integrity through the integration of leading and lagging indicators’ outcome. The analytical hierarchy process is used to determine the weights, or for prioritization of each level indicator and for the aggregation of the indicators to classify risk. To test the proposed model, a benchmark study is conducted. The estimated asset integrity index value provides a tangible asset’s performance index. The system of indicators and their integration provide a comprehensive view of the process facility’s status and also reveal which sections of the facility need more attention. 相似文献
98.
Mimi H. Hassim Markku Hurme Paul R. Amyotte Faisal I. Khan 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(5):820-829
Fugitive emissions are among the major concerns of industrial process releases. The emissions cause problem to various aspects including the environment, health, and economic. Early evaluation of process hazards is beneficial because process can be made inherently benign at lower cost. This paper discusses two important aspects of fugitive emissions assessment during process design – the quantification and the prevention strategies.For the quantification part, three methods are presented for fugitive emissions estimation during the process design. They are tailored to data available in simple process flow diagram (PFD), detailed PFD, and piping & instrumentation diagram (PID). Such methods are needed as early emissions estimation allows production routes and process designs with lower emissions to be selected. The fugitive emissions estimation and methods to abatement are demonstrated on a benzene process case study. Valves are found to be the major emission source with 50% of fugitive emissions of process area in a base case of petrochemical process, in which no fugitive emission reductions are yet made. Pumps without mechanical seals come second with 30% and flanges with 8% of emissions. Inherently safer design keywords can be applied to prevent fugitive emissions in the process plants. Substitution is the most applicable keyword in fugitive emission reduction of existing plants.The emission rate calculations together with estimation of health risk give a sound background for the decision making on elimination of emissions at source through equipment and piping changes. The case study presented reveals that by substituting emission prone components by inherently low-leaking ones, the plant emissions can be reduced over 90% in practice. This is created mainly by replacing rising stem valves with ball valves, installing double mechanical pump seals or hermetic pumps and making changes in sampling and relief systems. Ideally by also changing flanges to welded connections, which is not viable for various reasons, the emissions could be reduced nearly to zero. 相似文献
99.
Mohammad Vaez Abdolsamad Zarringhalam Moghaddam Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi Somayeh Alijani 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2012,90(1):56-64
This paper addresses the decolorization and degradation of acid dye by a heterogeneous photocatalytic process using immobilized nano-sized TiO2 particles as the photocatalyst. Sackcloth fiber was used as a support to immobilize the nano-sized TiO2 photocatalyst. The structural properties of the immobilized photocatalyst were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also used for the process performance studies. The XRD results did not show significant changes in the structure of P25 as a consequence of the immobilization procedure. The formation of titania crystallites in the sackcloth fiber was confirmed by SEM/EDX. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2-coated sackcloth fiber catalyst were evaluated using Acid Black 26 as a model organic contaminant and using UV-A radiation. Experimental results showed that after 60 min, the degradation of Acid Black 26 with the immobilized TiO2 particles was higher than that with plain TiO2. Based on the COD results, after 3 h, the TiO2-coated sackcloth fiber effectively decomposed all of the organic compounds present in dye solution under the studied experimental conditions. The effects of the oxidant H2O2, initial dye concentration and pH on the photocatalytic degradation were also investigated. The presence of CO32? as a dissolved inorganic anion had the highest inhibitory effect on the decolorization of the dye, when compared with the other anions investigated. Kinetics analysis indicates that the photocatalytic decolorization rate of Acid Black 26 can be described by a pseudo-first-order model. 相似文献
100.
Mostafa Yusefi Mohammad Khalid Faizah Md Yasin Luqman Chuah Abdullah Mohammad Reza Ketabchi Rashmi Walvekar 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(2):474-486
In this work, performance of cow dung (CD) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites was investigated for the potential use in load bearing application. CD of average 4 mm size was blended with PLA at different CD ratios (0–50 wt%) and their effects on the biocomposite properties were studied. The results showed an improvement in the flexural properties, while the tensile and impact strength dropped by 20 and 28% with the addition of 50% CD. The decline in the tensile and impact strength was due to micro-cracking and voids formation at higher CD content. Also, the incorporation of CD slightly decreased the thermal stability of the biocomposite. However, dynamic mechanical properties of the biocomposites generally improved. SEM analysis of tensile and impact fractured surfaces indicated that the CD had a reasonable adhesion with matrix. Moreover, the SEM micrographs of soil burial studies showed an accelerated degradation of higher CD wt% biocomposites. 相似文献